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If you’re just starting a new construction project or reading this article, you’ll probably be using concrete at some point soon. Thankfully, concrete construction has come a long way from pouring cement into wooden forms: From self-healing formulations to entirely 3D-printed constructions, you may be surprised to discover just how far concrete has come!

While there’s nothing wrong with keeping things simple, your project may benefit from adopting one of the following methods and techniques. Not only are many of these methods extremely cost- and time-effective, but they’re also surprisingly easy to implement—so much so that they might be substantially easier and less expensive to use for your project than traditional concrete construction methods.

As you’ll see shortly, some of these cutting-edge techniques don’t even involve concrete directly; in some cases, the improvements are all in the design process. Read on to find out more!

1. Augmented Reality

Augmented reality has not only become beneficial for concrete construction, but it’s also now widely used throughout the construction industry as a whole. With augmented reality, prototyping and planning have become leaner, less expensive, and more flexible than ever before.

What exactly is augmented reality, and how can it benefit you and your project—let alone one specifically involving concrete?

Augmented reality is similar to virtual reality, but instead it “augments” your field of vision with virtual structures—namely, your construction project. This process is usually performed using a smartphone or some other “smart device,” where software simulates how your structure will look by placing it into your camera view. This way, you can “view” your project through your camera lens without any need for physical prototyping.

While augmented reality may seem fairly high tech, there’s a good chance you’ve done most of the work already: If you’ve been planning your project “on paper,” you’ve likely used computer-assisted design (CAD) software to do so. With many augmented reality programs working in tandem with most major CAD software distributions, you can automatically convert your existing project plans into an immersive, or at least semi-immersive, augmented reality experience using a smart device.

2. 3D Printing and Modeling

As with augmented reality, 3D printing and modeling allow you to convert your designs into tangible prototypes—and, in some cases, build your entire structure or modular components directly using concrete 3D printing.

While building-scale 3D printing is still in development, conventional 3D printing can still help you design, prototype, and build many components of your project. In its most accessible form, resin-based 3D printing can be used to print scaled-down prototypes of your designs, which may grant a helpful perspective beyond simply imagining the design or viewing it through software.

Now, if you have access to concrete 3D printing technology, then certainly take advantage of it: Construction companies have achieved overwhelmingly positive results by simply 3D printing their concrete structures rather than dealing with form molds, setting times, and other drawbacks usually associated with conventional concrete construction.

Plus, with many concrete 3D-printed structures showing similar—if not superior—performance to factory-formed structures, 3D printing is set to become more commonplace in construction soon.

3. Pre-Cast Foundations

We know what you might be thinking and, unfortunately, it’s not quite practical to form a concrete foundation in a factory and then transport it somewhere—at least, not all at once that is.

Here, a “pre-cast” foundation is built using some number of pre-cast modules. These modules can range in size from cinderblocks to larger, modular components. The latter has now become a favored concrete construction method. In any case, using modular components to build your foundation offers far greater flexibility than traditional poured-concrete construction methods.

The benefits aren’t just limited to flexibility in design: By using the right techniques and materials, precast foundations are far less prone to structural errors and easier to repair or insulate. Of course, assembling pre-cast modules is somewhat more involved than simply pouring the foundation—but at least you won’t have to deal with building forms and pouring messy cement!

4. Pre-Cast Flat-Panel Modules

Foundations aren’t the only major structures that can benefit from pre-cast modules: Floors, walls, and other large sections can, too. With many of these components now made in controlled factory settings, it’s now possible to achieve the flexibility of modular construction with the strength of concrete—all without the mess of pouring concrete at the job site.

Also known as “cross-wall construction,” using pre-cast flat-panel modules is quickly becoming a popular construction choice for concrete buildings. Manufacturing panels in a controlled setting not only lends new flexibility to concrete construction but makes it much easier for construction teams to adhere to specifications while significantly shortening project times.

5. 3D Volumetric Construction

3D volumetric construction combines the speed and flexibility of modular construction with the design capabilities of 3D printing and other forms of additive manufacturing. The result is completely pre-fabricated, 3D concrete modules, such as individual units in a concrete apartment building. Where pre-cast foundations and flat-panel modules still require major assembly at the job site, 3D volumetric construction reduces major onsite assembly to—quite literally—stacking blocks together.

Of course, like pre-cast foundations and flat panels, 3D volumetric construction requires off-site facilities for producing the modules. While utilizing such facilities may come with additional overhead, the increased flexibility, control over design, and adherence to specifications are often worth any additional investment.

6. Self-Healing Concrete

Self-healing concrete is finally starting to take shape in the construction world. While concrete has been around since ancient Rome, even the most modern formulations are still prone to cracking and degrading over time. As a result, regular concrete repair remains a crucial part of concrete maintenance—but maybe not for much longer!

By mixing beneficial colonies of bacteria directly into the concrete, self-healing concrete becomes capable of automatically filling cracks, gaps, and other damage as they form. While this technology is still relatively new, it’s already delivering promising results and could potentially reduce—if not eliminate—many routine concrete repair tasks in the near future.

7. Raised-Access Flooring

Concrete has also become a preferred material for raised-access flooring, where concrete panels are suspended above the ground using specially-made hardware. With this extra space, it’s possible to run HVAC, electrical wiring, and other utilities below the floor—or, in other words, completely out of sight. Plus, with concrete as the primary material, raised-access flooring is both durable and inexpensive.

In addition to providing extra space for utilities, raised-access flooring can also help improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the utilities themselves. For example, raised-access flooring allows underfloor air distribution, an efficient and low-energy alternative to many conventional HVAC systems.

8. Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF)

Insulating concrete formwork (ICF) uses hollow polystyrene “bricks” to rapidly construct forms for foundations, walls, and other concrete structures. After stacking, the bricks are filled with pre-mixed concrete, resulting in a thick wall with an insulative exterior.

Speed and flexibility are the primary benefits of using ICF in a construction project. Since the polystyrene forms are small and lightweight, they’re quick and easy to stack into almost any arrangement with only a few people. In most cases, a small team of builders can assemble and pour entire foundations or exterior walls in a single day!

While concrete already has good insulative properties, the extra insulation provided by the polystyrene forms makes for a “one-step” construction solution. Since the form itself becomes part of the structure, rather than being removed after setting, construction teams no longer have to spend valuable time building and setting up temporary forms. Plus, drywall and exterior siding can be directly affixed to the polystyrene.

9. Thin-Joint Masonry

A modern approach to traditional masonry techniques, thin-joint masonry utilizes small, thin layers of mortar to secure concrete blocks and bricks. Where traditional methods of mortaring would use thick layers, setting times could quickly become an issue—especially where large amounts were required. With thin-joint masonry, setting times are massively reduced, with the side effect of cost- and time-savings from using less mortar.

The results of thin-joint masonry also lend to a more modern aesthetic, where blocks or bricks will have only a fine seam between them.

10. Kinetic Footfall Energy Capture

While it’s still an emerging technology, kinetic footfall energy capture is already showing promise as a viable form of alternative energy for buildings with high foot traffic. By embedding kinetic sensors into concrete floors, kinetic footfall energy captures and stores the energy from footsteps. This captured energy, combined with that from other passive energy sources, can help supplement the building’s energy needs.

Finding the Right Construction Team

No matter the type of concrete construction you use, hiring the right construction team is one of the best ways to guarantee great results. For more information on our concrete construction services, call our team at 713-254-1703.

While many of today’s building materials and methods may seem new, their origins are often older than we think: From Roman concrete to ancient Egyptian plywood, human history is rich with fascinating examples of innovative building materials and construction techniques, many of which continue to inspire modern advancements in materials science and engineering.

Curiously, despite being markedly simpler than most modern building materials, many historic building materials are extremely durable—sometimes more so than their modern counterparts. In many cases, historic buildings have withstood the test of time to last centuries to millennia.

Before we can consider the materials themselves, however, we’ll first need to understand why— and where—certain materials came to be.

Building Local: Regional Influences on Construction Techniques

Despite their ancient origins, many modern building materials—at least as we know them—are still a far cry from anything our ancestors knew. Before the 20th century, most people were limited to what was either on hand or available nearby. This limitation partially influenced many of the regional building styles and preferences still employed today, such as the timber construction common throughout heavily forested North America.

While European settlers were not strangers to using timber for construction, North American colonies gave them unprecedented access to swarths of old-growth timber—certainly more than they ever had in Western Europe. As a result, timber was the most viable building material not only for homes and buildings but also for furniture, ships, and other things.

Other parts of the world yield their specific regional building materials, and a quick look at the surrounding landscape is often enough to see why a certain region might prefer a certain material: In towns along the dry, rocky coast of the Mediterranean, for example, the vast majority of buildings use the surrounding stone and clay as building materials rather than the few trees suitable for lumber.

Early humans were even more limited, especially in the thousands of years predating the construction of permanent shelters. In most regions throughout the world, early humans were largely nomadic and took shelter either in natural features such as caves or, in later years, portable shelters usually made from animal hide and branches.

Though modern society no longer faces these limitations, their influence remains: Even in North America, for example, more homes are built from wood than anywhere else in the world.

Building Materials and Methods Throughout Time

Building materials have undergone dramatic evolutions throughout human history: Where our earliest ancestors were once limited to natural materials such as tree branches and animal hides, their descendants would go on to make gradual improvements over successive generations.

However, these improvements often came slowly, with many materials being used the same way for several generations, if not longer. Most of the building materials we know today—at least in the forms we know them—weren’t available until the 19th and 20th centuries!

As a result, many of the building materials and methods we’ll explore are much “closer to nature” than those we’re used to today. However, the materials themselves—along with the building methods that made them practical—are more fascinating than many might think.

Wood: Sticks to Lumber

Plentiful, easy to work with, and extremely durable, wood has been used for shelter, tools, and fuel since the dawn of man—and it continues to get plenty of use to this day.

Despite its prevalence throughout human history, however, wood has undergone some of the greatest evolution of any other building material. Where our earliest ancestors might have used tree branches and sticks to fashion simple shelters, we now benefit from a wide variety of wood-based construction materials, including milled lumber, plywood, and countless methods for joinery and carpentry.

Some of the earliest permanent—or, more accurately, semi-permanent—wood shelters were those constructed throughout forested regions around the dawn of civilization. While once largely nomadic, humans started to build these permanent settlements with the onset of agriculture and trade, often using wood as a primary construction material.

Many of these early wood structures resembled the tipis and log cabins we continue to associate with natural or traditional building materials. Viking longhouses, for example, utilized timber framing filled with a mixture of mud and moss for insulation—though they certainly weren’t the first.

Timber framing is largely responsible for the spread of wood construction throughout the world, providing structures with then-newfound levels of versatility and strength. Some of the earliest timber frame structures date to the Neolithic era, with most examples utilizing some sort of insulative “filling” between the frames, such as mud.

With the right carpentry, timber also presented several other advantages. Many traditional Japanese buildings, for example, utilized timber framing connected with complex joinery. By factoring in the grain of the wood and its changes between the seasons, Japanese carpenters were able to build frames that automatically adjusted with seasonal changes. Combined with natural earthquake resistance, many traditional Japanese wood structures have been standing for centuries.

Earth: Mud and Cob

In regions where wood wasn’t widely available, mud, clay, and cob—a durable mixture of clay and straw—were the most viable alternatives. However, these materials weren’t just alternatives to wood; in many respects, they were superior.

Where timber-framed structures were often difficult to insulate and ran the risk of catching fire, mud- and clay-based buildings were naturally insulative and fire-resistant. Plus, the material was much easier to get; those in clay-rich regions had all the material they needed—literally!—under their feet.

These benefits made clay and mud some of the most popular building materials in both the ancient world and recent history. One of the most striking examples is the city of Shibam Hadramawt in Yemen, where multi-story mudbrick “skyscrapers” have stood for centuries.

Stone and Masonry

In addition to wood and mud, stones were another important construction material. However, stone was more than just a building material for early humans: For a long time, it was also an essential tool.

Before the development of metal-tipped tools and weapons, sharpened stones were used for various tasks. Flint, for example, became ideal for knives and arrows due to the naturally razor-sharp shards it formed when chipped. Similarly, larger stones could be chipped and sharpened to prepare axes and other sharp objects.

These stone tools were largely responsible for allowing humans to build structures out of wood and mud. With axes, for example, it was possible to fell trees and cut them to size. These capabilities only increased with the advent of metal tools, which also helped make stones themselves into a suitable building material.

Stone structures are among the most historically impressive in the world—and some of the longest-lasting. From the limestone Acropolis of Ancient Greece to the towering Great Pyramids of Giza, stone is responsible for some of history’s most significant structures.

Concrete

Combining the flexibility of mud and clay with the strength and durability of stone, concrete may seem like a relatively new invention—even though its origins are rooted over two thousand years ago.

The Ancient Romans were among the most notable early users of concrete. Discovering that the addition of volcanic ash helped concrete set underwater, the Romans used concrete for a wide variety of construction projects: From aqueducts to Rome’s Colosseum, concrete was largely responsible for many of Ancient Rome’s most significant buildings.

Among the most impressive Roman concrete structures is the Pantheon. Complete in 128 CE, the Pantheon remains the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world—even after almost two thousand years! This impressive longevity has made Roman concrete the inspiration for many modern blends of concrete, with the particular formula for Roman concrete having been largely lost to history.

Today, concrete continues to benefit structures with its durability, strength, and flexibility. Where structures previously required intricate construction techniques to achieve dramatic and novel shapes, concrete can be cast and molded into nearly any form. As a result, concrete remains as popular as it was in Ancient Rome, with the vast majority of new construction using it for everything from foundations to superstructures.

Building Materials Today: Which Is Best?

While many historic building materials and methods are certainly impressive, we’ve come a long way since the times of our ancestors. However, while many modern materials are vastly different from their historic predecessors, concrete has remained one of the most cost-effective construction materials throughout its multi-millennia lifespan

While you might not be building the next Pantheon, concrete can still provide your driveways and patios with the same durability. For more information on our concrete construction services, contact our team at 713-254-1703.

From changing demand to technology, to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the construction industry is changing. Companies are facing longer project completion and even cancellation of projects, and there’s the concern over the health of employees and subcontractors.

According to PwC’s COVID-19 CFO Pulse Survey released in June 2020, 81% of Chief Financial Operators were considering cost reductions, and 56% were planning to defer/cancel investments.¹ The current crisis has struck the engineering and construction industry harder than other economic downturns.

Here is a look at what the future of construction might look like amid current trends, the pandemic, and the economic crisis.

Cleaner Jobsites

Worker health and safety have become even more important. Companies are implementing policies such as staggered shifts to practice social distancing, routine disinfection of jobsites (including tools and machinery), and even employee temperature checks. Many employers are requiring the use of masks and gloves. Others have even been producing their own sanitizing soap.

Cleanliness is and will continue to be a top priority. Construction companies are following the guidelines of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and recommendations for construction work by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). These health and safety measures are necessary for compliance purposes and to ensure employees feel safe returning to work.

In particular are standards regarding:

• Personal protective equipment (PPE), including respirators, masks, and face coverings
• Handwashing procedures/installation of hand sanitizing stations
• Workplace cleaning, disinfection, and sanitizing
• Hazard communication
• Social distancing
• Jobsite pre-access health questionnaires
• Temperature checks

Remote Communication

Social distancing doesn’t only mean staying six feet apart. Many contractors are permitting telework, using video conferencing platforms for virtual meetings focused on construction management and project updates.

In the past, picking materials often required travel, especially on the part of the customer. Identifying and verifying materials can now be accomplished virtually. Virtual Design Construction (VDC) simplifies the pre-construction material selection process and helps reduce the amount of waste. Also, potential issues can be found in advance to save time and cost.

While physical project completion must be done in-person, many personnel can work remotely in construction jobs, including:

• Architects
• Engineers
• Project managers
• Safety managers
• Account managers
• Directors
• Analysts
• Dispatchers³
• And more

Employee Recruitment

Recruitment strategies vary depending on the market and project type. Some employees may hire within select local markets to find talent that fully understands the needs of contractors in the region. Interviews have traditionally taken place in-person, but virtual interviews may become more commonplace to minimize contact. The hiring process could increasingly involve orientations and briefings on company safety guidelines, crisis response plans, and various response protocols within the workplace or on the jobsite.

Longer Project Times

Major safety measures, donning/sanitizing PPE, and staggered work shifts are expected to prolong project completion times. Some construction companies may allow only one trade on a site at a time. New guidelines may drastically alter construction schedules, and it may not be possible to fast-track a project. Contractors will need to consider these time constraints, as will subcontractors, architects, owners, and other members of the project team and supply chain.

Demand for New Project Types

The coronavirus outbreak is changing the demand for different types of construction projects. For example, it’s less likely contractors will see as much retail, entertainment, and hospitality construction. However, healthcare construction and manufacturing projects are more likely to be in demand.

It is also uncertain how a decrease in travel will impact road and bridge construction, amid declines in states’ Department of Transportation revenue and possible shifts in Congressional funding toward COVID-19 support for struggling businesses and unemployed individuals.

Rising Material Costs

Project suspensions, increased delivery times, and other factors are driving up material costs. Some reasons for rising costs include damage to stored materials during suspension periods, uncertainty as to the availability of contractors for restarting projects, and costs incurred for a supplier holding materials during a suspension period. Various other costs may apply beyond the initial contract.

A rise in demand for eco-friendly materials may impact costs as well. Examples include using salvaged or reclaimed wood instead of cutting down new trees, environmentally sustainable materials for flooring, low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) paints, recycled drywall, and recycled glass or paper composite materials for countertops. Demand vs. cost in this area may impact construction in the months and years to come.

Technology

Technologies proving beneficial during the COVID-19 pandemic and for the future of construction include:

• Offsite Construction: With modular construction, homes and other structures don’t need to be built from scratch. Pre-fabricated materials and 3D printing are making modular construction practical and affordable.
• Augmented Reality (AR): No longer just for gaming and consumer gadgets, AR is being used in construction. Imagine project updates and safety warnings, temperature, and pressure data delivered via a worker’s helmet or goggles.
• Artificial Intelligence: Machine learning can help analyze millions of scenarios to make predictions, improve scheduling, and streamline the entire process. Artificial intelligence can also identify high-risk worker behaviors and analyze photos of at-risk materials.
• Digital Connectivity: Construction managers can receive important information without having to travel, thereby making decisions faster. Employees also receive faster responses. Digital forms can be used to communicate information.
• Building Analytics: The Internet of Things (IoT) has prevailed everywhere and suits the construction industry, as sensors can be installed to manage everything from heating and cooling to security, to energy usage. Various building systems can be tested, installed, and implemented with the available data.
• Drones: Remotely controlled drones have become mainstream and make it possible to safely inspect and analyze parts of the jobsite without sending people into the field. This helps reduce hazards and the number of individuals on the jobsite.

Contact Cross Construction Services

A leader in construction management in the Houston area, Cross Construction Services handles all aspects of the process, including planning and design, construction, and project delivery. We coordinate all construction activities with the appropriate entities, including owners and architects/engineers. Our expertise is executed in conjunction with the latest COVID-19 guidelines and knowledge of trends shaping the future of the industry.

For help with residential and commercial concrete driveway construction and pavement services, a free estimate, and to get started, call us today at 713-254-1703.

Sources:

1. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/crisis-solutions/covid-19/global-cfo-pulse.html
2. https://www.simplyhired.com/search?q=remote+construction+manager&pn=3&job=h0iK8nhjusbB7f7mzWWYdcuweHwQJxhQACb5dVkI-pG1SI1x4wosWA

Property owners and contractors have more construction materials to choose from than ever before. Instead of being limited to construction materials from a certain part of the world (such as wood in North America), global shipping has allowed anyone to build with nearly any material from around the globe. This flexibility has only improved with the development of man-made materials, such as concrete and engineered wood.

However, some materials used in construction are better-suited for certain applications than others—but just what are the most common construction and building materials, and which ones are best-suited for which projects? Read on to find out.

Why Choosing the Right Material Is Important

Choosing the right material is, arguably, the most important part of any construction project. Just as you wouldn’t use wood to build a 50-story skyscraper, you probably wouldn’t use steel plating to pave your driveway.

In most cases, however, a construction project could be built equally well using different materials. For example, while you’re not going to pave your driveway with steel, you’ll probably be choosing between concrete and asphalt—two common paving materials.

The material you choose will ultimately impact almost every factor of the project, mainly budget, durability/longevity, aesthetics, and, above all, practicality. The goal should be to strike a reasonable balance between these factors to get the best value for your money.

For example, you may have the choice to build a house using either wood framing or cinder blocks. Both are good building materials in their own right, but using wood would be preferable in places where, say, lumber is inexpensive and there aren’t many termites. Similarly, cement and cinder blocks would be preferable in places with high humidity and frequent termite infestations (read: many parts of Texas!).

Which materials are best for which projects? The answers may surprise you. Some materials have special properties that make them suited for projects they aren’t always used for.

Common Construction materials

While anything can technically be construction material, the ones we’ve compiled for this section are the most common. In addition to discussing the material itself, we’ll also discuss some of its associated building methods and applications.

Wood

Wood is one of the oldest and most abundant construction materials in the world, with over 93 percent of new homes in the United States being built from wood every year. In areas like the United States and North America, wood is the preferred construction material due to its high availability and resultingly low cost.

Wood also has benefits beyond just availability and price: Wood is also incredibly durable, capable of withstanding high compression forces and, with the right construction, high winds and earthquakes. Many contractors and carpenters also prefer wood due to its pliability and ease to work with.

While the exact properties of wood vary with the type (e.g., pine, oak, etc.) and the cut used, most wood used for construction in the United States is either pine or oak, the former being the most prevalent. In addition to framing buildings, wood is also used for most interior work, as well as roofing, decks, siding, fencing, and decorative elements. Needless to say, wood is an extremely versatile building material!

Manufactured Wood

Sometimes known as “engineered wood,” manufactured wood is a broad category of wood-based products that serve as alternatives to natural wood. Some common examples include plywood and particleboard. By using recycled wood materials, manufactured wood is typically less expensive per unit of area than natural wood.

Manufactured wood presents benefits beyond cost-savings, however; since engineers have full control over its “design,” many manufactured wood products have higher strength and rot-resistance than natural wood. Combined with cost-savings, these benefits have made manufactured wood another preferred material in most home construction projects.

Some manufactured wood products also use veneers to replicate natural wood while maintaining the strength and durability of an engineered product. Such products have become preferred over natural wood but can sometimes cost more as a result.

Steel

Steel is the preferred construction material for many commercial and large-scale construction projects, making up most of America’s skyscrapers, bridges, and other superstructures. Without steel, skyscrapers would have never been possible—or, at least, they wouldn’t have been easy!

While its exact properties depend mostly on carbon and metal content, steel is usually known for having both high compression and tensile strength. These properties make it ideal for large structures or those expected to hold a lot of weight; as a result, it’s the preferred construction material for many commercial projects.

However, steel often finds its way into many residential projects as well. While it’s uncommon to build a private residence out of steel alone, many utilize steel supports and beams to stabilize major load-bearing parts of the house. Steel is even more widely used in the design of many modern homes, where it (literally) supports open concepts and other “daring” architectural feats.

Except for stainless steel, steel can – and does – rust. However, placed internally to a structure and/or treated with certain paints and coatings, steel can last for decades and withstand most elements and natural forces (e.g. hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.).

Drywall

No matter what material you build a house or building out of, there’s one material you’ll always use: drywall. Since its development as an alternative to plaster-on-wood walls in the early 20th century, drywall has quickly become the preferred wall-finishing solution for most construction projects. Whether it’s a ranch house or a high rise, most buildings built in the last century—and into the foreseeable future—utilize drywall.

A major benefit of drywall is its fire-resistance, a property owed to gypsum. Since many new homes are wood- and timber-framed, drywall’s fire-resistance has become an essential safeguard against housefires.

Other benefits of using drywall include easy priming, painting, and finishing, as well as easy cutting, fitting, and fastening. Compared to conventional wall-finishing methods such as plaster, drywall is incredibly easy and versatile to use.

Bricks and Stone

Bricks, stone, and other forms of masonry are probably the oldest and most reliable construction materials in the world. Used correctly, masonry can withstand fire, water, structural damage, and age—a trait proudly displayed by still-standing Roman aqueducts and other surviving examples of ancient architecture.

While you may not be building an aqueduct (or even a pyramid), masonry is still used for many construction projects. However, due to some of the labor and costs involved, many new buildings have begun to use cheaper, easier-to-work-with materials such as wood and metal. As a result, many new masonry projects have become limited to patios, walkways, driveways, and landscaping projects.

However, basic masonry still finds use in some concrete homes, which we’ll cover in the section further below. Many new homes are also finished with brick facades which, while not load-bearing, provide a beautiful old-world aesthetic to any new building project.

Glass

Glass is everywhere in modern construction; where it was once solely for individual windows, glass is now used for walls, railings, and even floors and ceilings. Thanks to modern engineering, glass can take on nearly any shape and size while maintaining high strength and durability.

Some modern glass also has insulative properties, making it suitable for large windows in cold climates. These properties have allowed large buildings and homes with all-glass facades in cold climates to maintain an acceptable level of energy efficiency.

Concrete

While concrete may seem like a modern material, its roots extend back to the ancient Romans. Just like with their masonry structures, most original buildings made from Roman concrete have been standing for over a thousand years!

Today, concrete is used for an extremely wide variety of construction projects: Many homes are built from concrete blocks, foundations are poured and laid with concrete, and many homeowners are embracing concrete driveways as a preferred alternative to asphalt and gravel. In any application, concrete is inexpensive, offers high flexibility in shape and form, and shares similar durability to stone and other types masonry.

Concrete properties also make it possible to embed objects inside of it, such as steel rods for reinforcement. This ability has made concrete (particularly reinforced concrete) a viable construction material for large projects such as skyscrapers and bridges.

The Most Versatile Construction Material?

While every construction material has its unique applications, few materials match the versatility and cost-effectiveness of concrete. With concrete, it’s possible to build a house, pave a driveway, and landscape using the same material. Plus, with its ability to take on most forms and finishes, concrete looks good in the process.

If you’re interested in learning more about concrete construction and how you can incorporate it into your property, call our concrete driveway construction team at 713-254-1703.

Concrete isn’t a new building material, but it has certainly gotten stronger and more versatile over time. A variety of other building materials has been around since ancient times, while concrete-like materials used as early as 6500 BC have been found in Syria and Jordan.¹ Concrete was used frequently by the Roman Empire, but it wasn’t anything like the aggregates of stone, sand, and water used to make Portland Cement you’ll find in a modern concrete driveway.

Building materials have drastically changed over time. Some have evolved from types used for thousands of years, while others are newer and promise to reshape the future of construction.

Early Materials

In Neolithic times, bone, grasses, hide, and animal fibers were used. Natural building materials were dominant. It was common to use mammoth ribs, tree bark, logs, clay, and lime plaster to shape and assemble using simple tools. The first structures were likely similar to huts and tents. In ancient times, as tools and techniques advanced, available materials ranged from what could be found in nature to materials that seem more familiar today.

• Stone: Even when a lack of metal tools limited the types of available materials, builders could erect stone structures. Dry stone walls don’t even have mortar to bind the stones together. Still, stones can be used to construct buildings, bridges, and sculptures. Early examples can be found in Scotland and Ireland.
• Mud: Mud bricks, first used in the late Neolithic period, were improved by the ancient Egyptians around 3000 BC. Mud was mixed with straw to form an adobe-like material heated into bricks. This process evolved into the use of mortar, which was used over the casing stones of the Great Pyramid of Giza, allowing stonemasons to carve and set them to tight tolerances.
• Wood: One of the first building materials, wood remains popular and is a renewable resource. Prehistoric shelters and fortifications often consisted of wood, and wooden logs likely served as the first bridges. Today, lumber is used to frame homes and other structures, and various types of wood are used for interior/exterior building materials and furnishings.
• Bronze: During the Bronze Age, bronze and copper were used to make more durable tools. Bronze could be shaped; it could also be recast if damaged. This eventually led to the use of iron, which is similar in hardness. Steel was created by adding carbon to iron—a process that was in place after 300 BC.

Evolution of Building Materials

Building materials have not only evolved with trends, but also with demands for durability, size, and control over interior environments. The energy available to support construction has also influenced the kinds of building materials used.

Timber and brick have been used throughout many time periods. In Ancient Rome, timber roofs were used, and ancient Chinese temples were built with wooden timber frames, long before sealcoating was used to protect concrete surfaces. Traditional timber framing became less popular during the Industrial Revolution, as steel could be mass-produced, but wood has regained popularity as an eco-friendlier material with more options for custom machining, integration, styling, and fireproofing.

Mud bricks were used throughout ancient times. Lime mortar was used in Ancient Greece, and stone bricks were used in China (parts of the Great Wall consist of stone bricks). Brick was popular during the Renaissance and increased in production during the eighteenth century. The production process changed little over time. Although now mass-produced rather than handmade, brick remains a popular architectural material today.

Other building materials that have evolved over time include:

• Glass: Used in everything from windows and home furnishings to the walls of skyscrapers, glass has been manufactured since the seventeenth century. Early forms of glass were available in ancient Egypt, Rome, and during the Middle Ages. Once it could be mass-produced, glass became more commonly used in structures and not just as a luxury.
• Insulation: Asbestos was the first form of insulation and was used well into the 20th century. The first modern advance in insulation happened in the 1930s with the accidental invention of fiberglass insulation. It was popular in the 1940s, while cellulose was common from the 1950s to the 1970s. Polyurethane spray foam became popular in home construction in the 1980s while, today, there are many different types of insulation to choose from.
• Flooring: In early history, stone was the dominant building material. It is still used today, as is wood. Older homes often have linoleum or vinyl flooring, although this is widely considered outdated. Vinyl produced decades ago may contain asbestos and dioxins, which are unhealthy. Hardwood flooring is commonplace; bamboo is often used as an alternative to vinyl and is extremely durable and sustainable.

Industrial Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution, new technologies emerged that led to construction advancements. The development of machinery and tools for cutting, grinding, boring, and other processes allowed for more building flexibility. Steam engines, explosives, and transportation options like canals and railways expanded building potential as well.

Once steel could be mass-produced, I-beams and reinforced concrete were possible. This also led to the widespread use of plumbing to provide ordinary homes with fresh water and a systematic means to collect sewage (modern pipes are usually made of corrosion-resistant plastic composites). The creation and refining of building codes have led to improvements in material quality and fire safety.

In the 20th century, heavy equipment, elevators, cranes, and prefabrication expanded construction capabilities and the way various materials could be used. Eventually, computer-aided design allowed for more precise material development, production, and selection. In the late 20th century, sustainability became a higher priority in the construction industry, with resource conservation, environmental protection, and reduced energy consumption being top goals.

Future of Building Materials

We’re now in an age of computer-enabled smart appliances, lighting, security, and more, but modern building materials are also shaping the home construction industry. Numerous types of materials are in development that will continue to revolutionize construction.

One of these is solar panels. Increased efficiency and reduced costs have made solar panels more popular. By May 2019, more than two million solar systems had been installed in the United States, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association.² They save on energy costs and come with perks such as federal and local tax incentives and the option to sell power back to the grid.

Numerous advanced materials are now raising the potential for changes unlike anything seen in the past. These futuristic developments include:

• Self-healing concrete: Bacteria in the mixture produce calcite when exposed to water, which can essentially heal cracks, reducing maintenance and greenhouse gases associated with repair and replacement processes.
• Light-generating concrete: Tiny glass balls embedded in the material reflect light to potentially create signage, underground lighting, and warning signs. It is non-flammable and may have artistic uses as well.
• 3D Graphene: A carbon that is 3D-printed and 200 times stronger than steel, despite being just 5% as dense, it has potential uses in vehicles and supertall skyscrapers.
• Laminated timber: This is a water-resistant, high-strength prefabricated timber that is strong enough for building skyscrapers, while significantly reducing carbon emissions.
• Modular bamboo: Fast-growing and low-cost, modular bamboo can be made into different shapes. It is earthquake-resistant and can be reinforced with steel bars.
• Transparent aluminum: This is a corrosion-resistant ceramic alloy that can resist radiation and oxidation, with potential uses for windows and marine and space vehicle domes.
• Translucent wood: Stripped of its color, this wood offers good insulating properties and strength. It may be a viable replacement for window glass and could be used as solar panel cells.
• Wool brick: Stronger than conventional brick, this material is fused with wool and seaweed polymer, reducing greenhouse gases. It also resists cold-air intrusion.

These materials and others promise to make buildings stronger, safer, and more efficient than ever before. Building materials continue to not only evolve but take new forms. Yet one thing’s for sure: Concrete isn’t going out of style. Concrete driveways, patios, and sidewalks must be maintained, and Cross Construction Services is here to help.

Let Us Install and Repair Your Concrete Driveway

Our concrete professionals can install, maintain, and replace your concrete driveway or patio, as well as provide complete design/build services. If you have a concrete driveway in Houston, we install 3,000 psi concrete, apply polyurethane sealants or polymer-based cement resurfacers, and fix stained, cracked, or crumbled concrete. We provide service to residential and commercial customers via six locations in the Houston area. To learn more or receive a free estimate, call 713-254-1703.

Sources:

1. https://www.nachi.org/history-of-concrete.htm#ixzz31V47Zuuj
2. https://www.seia.org/news/united-states-surpasses-2-million-solar-installations

Concrete is the world’s most versatile building material, its earliest forms finding use since the time of Romans. While most people easily associate concrete with home foundations and sidewalks, some people are often surprised to find concrete used in places they wouldn’t expect.

Why is concrete used in so many different projects? The answer to this question lies in concrete’s versatility and many benefits for construction applications.

Benefits of Using Concrete

Concrete offers several unique advantages over other building materials—even bricks and other types of masonry.

Low Cost

Compared to many other materials used for load-bearing construction (such as steel), concrete and concrete-based cement are both inexpensive and economical. This benefit is due not only to the lower cost of materials but also the lower cost of labor involved; pouring and forming concrete, while still a skill best left to professionals, is typically far less labor-intensive than welding steel.

Highly Customizable

Since concrete starts as a liquid, it can take the form of almost any mold or container. As a result, concrete is easy to mold into almost any shape, making it the perfect application for intricate facades or custom designs. This capability also lowers costs even further, where reproducing the same shapes through other materials (such as stone) would be costly and labor-intensive.

Low Maintenance

Once it’s set, concrete requires little to no maintenance over its lifetime, nor does it require any protective coating or finishing. Typically, concrete only ever needs maintenance in areas worn down over time, such as the corners of concrete steps. Even then, concrete can still keep its form for many decades—if not centuries!

Fire Resistance and Durability

Both wood and metal are easily damaged by fire; wood burns and metal can weaken under heat, both of which can lead to structural failure. By contrast, concrete is almost completely fire- and heat-proof, being capable of withstanding temperatures over 1600 degrees Fahrenheit.

Concrete stands up to the other elements, too: Where wood and metal easily corrode when exposed to water, concrete does not. As a result, concrete has become a favorite material for many marine applications, also having the benefit of being resistant to high winds.

Uses of Concrete in Construction

Thanks to its many benefits, concrete has become a favorite material for many construction projects. Here are just a few of the construction applications that can benefit from the durability and low cost of concrete:

Driveways and Patios

Concrete is quickly becoming a favorite material for home patios and driveways.

For patios, concrete offers the benefit of a single, smooth surface requiring little labor, whereas a backyard patio built with traditional masonry would otherwise require extensive masonry and leveling. Plus, concrete patios can still achieve the custom-masonry look through the clever use of stone veneers.

Concrete also offers unique advantages for driveways. Most driveways through the United States are paved with either asphalt or gravel, but these materials are slowly falling out of favor; asphalt driveways need replacement about every decade or so, while gravel driveways need annual (if not semi-annual) releveling.

Concrete driveways, on the other hand, offer long-term durability and increased wear resistance compared to asphalt and gravel.

Fences

While the white picket fence might remain the favorite of suburban America, urban areas tend to prefer sturdier materials. As a result, concrete has become a popular fencing material for many larger projects, especially for projects already using concrete in other areas.

Fencing also benefits from concrete’s design flexibility, especially where large-scale, urban fencing projects might include sculptures or other geometric features.

Foundations

Concrete is the most common material for home foundations in the United States, and for good reason: Its durability, water resistance, and load-bearing capabilities make it the ideal solution for (literally) supporting any house.

However, concrete is also used for larger foundations, such as those of skyscrapers and other massive structures. In these cases, concrete is usually reinforced with steel wire to improve longevity and flexibility under stress.

Sidewalks and Streets

Think of the last sidewalk you walked on: There’s a good chance it was made out of concrete. While concrete has long been the favorite material for paving city sidewalks, many cities are starting to use concrete to pave roads as well.

Concrete benefits roads just as it does driveways; where asphalt roads need relatively frequent replacement and are less environmentally friendly, concrete roads offer both longer lifespans and increased durability. These benefits are compounded in warmer climates, where consistent temperatures help minimize wear caused by season changes.

Parking Lots

Parking lots receive a lot of wear over their lifespan, especially when compared to other paving applications; where roads and driveways benefit from cars (usually) going in just one direction, parking lots have the added stress of frequent turns, changing speeds, constant braking, and pedestrian traffic.

As a result, parking lots might stand to benefit the most from concrete than other paving applications, especially if frequent asphalt replacement temporarily displaces business.

Buildings

Concrete’s easy forming, high durability, and low cost have also made it a favorite building material for low- to mid-rise construction projects. Where many mixed-material buildings require specialized construction and extended labor, concrete buildings are built quickly and easily. Plus, concrete buildings are far more resistant to fire and other damage than buildings made from mixed materials.

Dams

Dams require a combination of high strength and water resistance over large areas—these requirements make concrete perfect for the job, especially considering concrete’s comparatively lower cost.

Concrete is the preferred material for the vast majority of dams and hydroelectric facilities throughout the world (perhaps except for beaver dams). One famous example is the Hoover Dam, which used 3,250,000 cubic yards of concrete—enough to pave a two-lane highway from New York to San Francisco!

Bridges

While bridge surfaces need to remain flexible, their support structures—such as pillars—need to remain sturdy and rigid. As a result, bridges both large and small utilize concrete for numerous support applications, including support pillars, surrounding structures, and foundations.

Sewers

While not the most glamorous example, modern sewer systems are among the most common applications of concrete. Where older sewers often required complex, labor-intensive masonry, modern sewers benefit from the flexibility and durability of concrete.

Concrete also allows sewer systems to be built modularly, allowing for increased construction and design flexibility.

Docks

Docks and other marine applications utilize concrete for its durability and corrosion resistance. Concrete is also frequently used as an underwater anchoring material for moorings, oil rigs, and other non-concrete marine structures.

Ancient Rome

While maybe not the most practical example, the Ancient Romans used concrete extensively in their buildings; in fact, the Ancient Romans are often credited for inventing concrete, with “Roman concrete” still being studied for its incredible durability. One of the most famous concrete structures in Ancient Rome is the Pantheon, which has a 2,000-year-old unsupported concrete dome that still stands as both the largest and oldest today.

Finding a Concrete Contractor

Concrete may not be as labor-intensive as other materials, but it still requires a professional team to pour and shape properly. Improperly set, concrete is easily prone to cracking and crumbling, which can quickly lead to structural failure and expensive damages.

Thankfully, we’re here to help! To learn more about how concrete can benefit your project, call Cross Construction Services at 713-254-1703.

Cross Construction Services specializes in the design-build process and using concrete for driveways, patios, pergolas, and parking lots. Concrete is just one of many different materials used in construction. Many residential and commercial clients benefit from concrete driveway construction, but there are other materials, including wood, metal, and brick, with their own unique benefits. Here is a look at the most common building materials and what makes each appealing.

Wood

Wood offers the benefits of being natural and sustainable. When trees or fibrous plants are cut and used for construction, they can be regrown. Wood is still one of the most desirable modern building materials, though it’s been used for thousands of years.

In fact, wood can be used for just about any type of structure, in most climates. It is also:

• Flexible even under heavy loads
• Strong, even with bending and vertical compression
• Available with different qualities, depending on tree species

Wood has even been used as logs in unprocessed form, cut to length and notched or latched to keep them in position. With tools and mass production, lumber can be tailored to practically any type of job.

Metal

Steel is an alloy, mainly composed of iron, that is strong and flexible. If properly refined and treated, it can resist corrosion and last for a very long time. Metal suits a diverse range of construction applications. It may be used for external surfaces or as supporting structural elements for skyscrapers.

There are different types of metal used. Aluminum alloys are less dense and more resistant to corrosion. Tin is an alternative that can save on costs. Titanium, more expensive than steel, can accommodate structural applications. Gold, silver, and chrome are more commonly used to produce decorative elements found in custom construction projects. However, they lack the hardness and strength required for structural use.

Brick

Bricks have been used since the 1700s. Compared to wood, they are more flame-retardant, which is why bricks were often preferred for construction in the 1800s and 1900s. They’re also relatively inexpensive to produce, which also contributed to the popularity of brick construction in cities.

Different materials can be used to produce brick. Clay bricks are manufactured by molding soft mud or extruding clay through a die and using a wire-cutting process to cut them to size. In the late 20th century, clay bricks were replaced by cinder blocks made of concrete. Sandcrete block is lower in cost, although not as strong and durable, but it is more often used in developing countries.

Glass

Glass has been around for thousands of years and was used for making vessels and other objects in Mesopotamia. In Europe, glass windows have been manufactured since as early as the 14th century. In general, glass is brittle and not suited to provide structural support.

However, it is often used to create decorative windows with various design features. Glass is ideal for letting in natural light and keeping out the elements. In larger installations, glass can be the primary material for an exterior wall or façade. Sometimes it encompasses the entire facade of a building. Glass can be integrated into large roof structures as well.

Plastic

Plastic is highly adaptable and, thus, varies in hardness, resiliency, and heat tolerance. Lightweight and uniform in composition, plastics can be used in various applications, from panels or sheets to cables, coverings, and pipes, to films and fibers. Plastic decking is used to replace lumber but can be manufactured with very similar aesthetics while being more resistant to the elements.

Whether made from raw or recycled materials, plastic can be molded or extruded into various forms. There’s a high degree of variability in what plastic is. It can be produced from synthetic or semi-synthetic organic products. Common types of plastic include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS). The ability to recycle plastic from other forms, including discarded waste, make it a desirable material for sustainable construction.

Cement Composites

Precast building components can be produced by using a hydrated cement paste that binds to wood or other natural fibers. Materials in organic wood compounds such as carbohydrates or glycosides can impede setting but there are various ways to measure the hydration characteristics of a cement-aggregate mix. Assessment of mechanical properties and microstructural elements is necessary before using the mix in any project.

Cement hydration is the most important property of a cement mixture. Studies have shown that considering the time and temperature of the hydration reaction best helps to gauge viability. Cement composites may not be best for home driveway construction, but below we’ll discuss a material that we know is.

Concrete

Made of cement used as a binder and an aggregate, concrete is a hard stone-like material that can be strengthened with steel rods or bars. The concrete-setting process has been refined and often involves using a vibrator to eliminate air bubbles that can weaken the material. Concrete is preferred for its:

• Durability: Concrete can last for many decades and is resistant to erosion, weathering, and abuse. It also requires little maintenance, while repairs are often few and far between. Also, it tolerates year-round temperature swings.

• Safety: Concrete does not burn, attract mold or mildew, rot, or emit volatile organic compounds. It doesn’t introduce airborne pollutants, while high structural integrity and protection against severe weather and earthquakes are desirable properties.

• Economy: Concrete contributes to energy efficiency when used as a building material. Its thermal mass enables it to capture thermal energy, while reflectivity contributes to efficiency too. Therefore, a residential concrete driveway isn’t the only application this building material option can be used for.

• Sustainability: Producing little waste, concrete can be made in any quantity needed and is recyclable. Portland limestone cement, a common form of concrete, can reduce CO2 emissions. Concrete can also contribute to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification.

Call Cross Construction Services for Long-Lasting Driveway Installation

A leader in custom construction services in Houston, our company has six local offices, so you can easily find home driveway construction contractors near you. We specialize in both design and construction, allowing timely cost-saving service and ensuring a single point of contact. An established contractor, we provide concrete driveway installation, repair, and leveling services. Contact us today to help make your vision a reality, starting with a free, no-obligation estimate.

Strong and durable, concrete is suited for virtually any exterior surface, while being one of the most affordable building materials. It is a mixture of Portland cement, water, and aggregates such as sand, rock, or gravel. It does have limitations, but adding calcium chloride allows the mixture to set more quickly and increases its initial strength. For concrete contractors, it improves performance and reduces costs.

Calcium chloride accelerates cement’s rate of hydration. A reduction in setting time helps protect freshly placed concrete. The effect is most noticeable in cool weather. Ready-mixed concrete sets more slowly at temperatures below 70°F, and even more so between 30°F and 50°F. This means concrete construction can continue in the fall and winter, and that contractors can still ensure quality work.

Here is a more detailed look at how calcium chloride contributes to high-quality concrete:

Effects on Chemical Properties

• Accelerated Heat of Hydration: When calcium chloride is present, the heat of hydration occurs at a faster rate, so concrete can hydrate in 10 to 12 hours.1 The total increase in hydration rate isn’t always substantial. It is more noticeable in temperatures below freezing, at which the free water content of fresh concrete is lowered faster.
• Control of Aggregate Swelling: Concrete can deteriorate due to aggregate swelling when high alkali cement is used with certain aggregates. Calcium chloride can further promote this reaction. However, if it must be used, low alkali cement or a non-reactive aggregate is recommended.
• Reduced Resistance to Sulphate Attack: Sulphates can react with calcium and aluminum ions, resulting in the formation of substances that disrupt the concrete. These include calcium sulfate and calcium sulphoaluminate hydrates. Calcium chloride can reduce resistance to this process.

Effects of Calcium Chloride on Concrete

The addition of calcium chloride to a concrete mixture in residential and commercial applications has the following effects in its physical properties:

• Setting Time: Adding calcium chloride to concrete can reduce its setting time by up to two-thirds. With a 2% admixture of chloride at a temperature of 50°F, set times attainable at 70°F without the additive can be achieved.2

Standards differ on the setting times of calcium chloride. Per the requirements of ASTM C494-1971 and CSA A266.2-1973, the initial setting time (when calcium chloride is used), should be accelerated by a minimum of 1 hour (The ASTM standard requires setting to be completed within 3½ hours, while the CSA standard requires it within 3 hours).3

• Water Cement Ratio: Calcium chloride can induce early stiffening of concrete, thereby reducing bleeding (water content rising to the top), but it does not reduce the quantity of water required to achieve a given slump or consistency. As far as the water to cement ratio, chloride does not have a significant impact on strengthening.
• Freeze/Thaw Resistance: The rapid hardening of concrete provides early resistance to freeze/thaw damage. However, calcium chloride may leave matured concrete less resistant. Nonetheless, this property is significant during the winter when freshly laid concrete may be exposed to de-icing salts.
• Air Entrainment: Less air entrainment agent is needed to produce more air content when calcium chloride is introduced. The chloride itself doesn’t cause entrainment of air.

Is Calcium Chloride Bad for Concrete in Any Way?

In addition to reduced sulfate resistance and a boost in aggregate swelling, calcium chloride can increase dry shrinkage. The contraction of hardened concrete with the loss of water can cause cracking and warping. Calcium chloride is known to increase this process. By how much depends on the type of cement, the amount of additive introduced, the curing period, and environmental conditions.

The accelerant can also trigger efflorescence. In some cases, a whitish deposit can form on cured concrete surfaces and this is not water-soluble. The deposit can be removed with diluted hydrochloric acid.

Calcium chloride can also cause corrosion of reinforcement steel. The steel is less protected when moisture penetrates the concrete, as it starts to carbonate and lose its alkalinity with exposure to air. The large surface area of the wires and greater stress differences contribute to corrosion as well.

Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

The primary mechanical impacts of calcium chloride include a gain in compression strength, especially at lower temperatures. It accelerates the hardening rate of concrete. The strength gain in the first three days may vary from 30% to 100%. However, concrete strength can decline if the amount is higher than accepted standards.

Per ASTM C-494, an increase of at least 125% at three days, over a control concrete sample, is required. This is only 90% at six months to one year after installation.4

Advantages

In summation, the advantages of adding calcium chloride to concrete on, for example, a residential concrete driveway, include:

• Accelerated rate of set
• Increased initial strength
• Prevention of freeze damage
• Reduced bleeding
• Faster workaround time
• Reduced costs
• Improved workability

When calcium chloride is added, concrete can bear loads much sooner. It is also beneficial when used with fly ash. Replacing up to half of Portland cement with fly ash can increase costs, but adding the accelerator helps. However, it is a concern when calcium chloride accelerators are prohibited under such circumstances.

How Chloride Is Added

Calcium chloride is available in many forms. It can be obtained in the form of pellets and other granules, while its flake form is also common. The flake form must consist of a minimum of 77% calcium chloride; 3¼ pounds of granulated chloride must have at least 94%.5 Solutions are recommended because all forms of calcium chloride are soluble in water.

A solution should not be in direct contact with cement, as it will set more quickly. The recommended process is to dilute the solution in water and then mix it with aggregate.

Cross Construction Services: Concrete Installation and Repair in Houston

We are experienced and trusted commercial and residential concrete contractors near you, providing patio, sidewalk, parking lot, and concrete driveway repair in Houston, TX. Concrete is a versatile material. Our over 30 years of experience, quality of work, and commitment to delivering projects on time and on budget help our clients benefit even more from our concrete service. Minimizing disruption to homes and businesses is also our priority.

Cross Construction Services is a premier concrete construction, inspection, and renewal company in your area. Call 713-254-1703 today to schedule concrete repair in Houston or obtain a free estimate.

Sources:

1. http://web.mit.edu/parmstr/Public/NRCan/CanBldgDigests/cbd165_e.html
2. http://www.tetrachemicals.com/Products/Calcium_Chloride/Applications/Ready_Mix_Concrete_Acceleration.aqf
3. http://web.mit.edu/parmstr/Public/NRCan/CanBldgDigests/cbd165_e.html
4. http://web.mit.edu/parmstr/Public/NRCan/CanBldgDigests/cbd165_e.html
5. http://web.mit.edu/parmstr/Public/NRCan/CanBldgDigests/cbd165_e.html